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| Colonial times to 1800 | 3>
The Dongan Charter legally established Albany as a city in 1686; it is the oldest United States city charter still in effect.[3]
A view of North Pearl Street near State Street as it appeared around the turn of the 19th century
Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies[6] and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States.[Note 3] The area was originally inhabited by Algonquian Indian tribes and was given different names by the various peoples. The Mohican called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw, meaning "the fireplace of the Mohican nation",[9] while the Iroquois called it Sche-negh-ta-da, or "through the pine woods".[10][Note 4] Albany's first European structure was a primitive fort on Castle Island built by French traders in 1540. It was destroyed by flooding soon after construction.[12]
Permanent European claims began when Englishman Henry Hudson, exploring for the Dutch East India Company on the Half Moon (Dutch: Halve Maen), reached the area in 1609, claiming it for the United Netherlands.[13] In 1614, Hendrick Christiaensen rebuilt the French fort as Fort Nassau, the first Dutch fur-trading post in present-day Albany.[14] Commencement of the fur trade provoked hostility from the French colony in Canada and amongst the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade. In 1618, a flood ruined the fort on Castle Island, but it was rebuilt in 1624 as Fort Orange.[15] Both forts were named in honor of the Dutch royal House of Orange-Nassau.[16] Fort Orange and the surrounding area were incorporated as the village of Beverwijck (English: Beaver District) in 1652.[17][18]
When New Netherland was captured by the English in 1664, the name Beverwijck was changed to Albany, in honor of the Duke of Albany (later James II of England and James VII of Scotland).[19][Note 5] Duke of Albany was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of the King of Scots.[20] The name is ultimately derived from Alba, the Gaelic name for Scotland.[21] The Dutch briefly regained Albany in August 1673 and renamed the city Willemstadt; the English took permanent possession with the Treaty of Westminster (1674).[22] On November 1, 1683, the Province of New York was split into counties, with Albany County being the largest. At that time the county included all of present New York State north of Dutchess and Ulster Counties in addition to present-day Bennington County, Vermont, theoretically stretching west to the Pacific Ocean;[23][24] the city of Albany became the county seat.[25] Albany was formally chartered as a municipality by provincial Governor Thomas Dongan on July 22, 1686. The Dongan Charter was virtually identical in content to the charter awarded to the city of New York three months earlier.[26] Dongan created Albany as a strip of land 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 16 miles (26 km) long.[27] Over the years Albany would lose much of the land to the west and annex land to the north and south. At this point, Albany had a population of about 500 people.[28]
In 1754, representatives of seven British North American colonies met in the Stadt Huys, Albany's city hall, for the Albany Congress; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies.[29] Although it was never adopted by Parliament, it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution.[30][Note 6] The same year, the French and Indian War, the fourth in a series of wars dating back to 1689, began; it ended in 1763 with French defeat, resolving a situation that had been a constant threat to Albany and held back its growth.[31] In 1775, with the colonies in the midst of the Revolutionary War, the Stadt Huys became home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence (the political arm of the local revolutionary movement), which took over operation of Albany's government and eventually expanded its power to control all of Albany County. Tories and prisoners of war were often jailed in the Stadt Huys alongside common criminals.[32] In 1776, Albany native Philip Livingston signed the Declaration of Independence at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.[33]
During and after the Revolutionary War, Albany County saw a great increase in real estate transactions. After Horatio Gates' win over John Burgoyne at Saratoga in 1777, the upper Hudson Valley was generally at peace as the war raged on elsewhere. Prosperity was soon seen all over Upstate New York. Migrants from Vermont and Connecticut began flowing in, noting the advantages of living on the Hudson and trading at Albany, while being only a few days' sail from New York City.[34] Albany reported a population of 3,498 in the first national census in 1790, an increase of almost 700% since its chartering.[28] In 1797, the state capital of New York was moved permanently to Albany. From statehood to this date, the Legislature had frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston, Hurley, Poughkeepsie, and the city of New York.[35] Albany is the second-oldest state capital in the United States, after Santa Fe, New Mexico.[36]
[edit] | Tags:City,Rensselaer,Empire State Plaza,Cultural Education Center,Suny Albany,Duke Of Albany,Scotland,Alba,United States,New York,Capital District,County,Albany,Gerald Jennings,D,Eastern (est),Edt,Utc-4,Zip Code,518,Fips Code,Gnis,Demonym,Albany County,New York State,I,/,U.s. State,Seat,New York City,Mohawk River,2010 Census,Troy,Schenectady,Saratoga Springs,Metropolitan Statistical Area,Thirteen Colonies,Dutch,Fort Nassau,Fort Orange,Fur Trade,Beverwijck,English,James Ii Of England And James Vii Of Scotland,Dongan Charter,Western Hemisphere,Erie Canal,Railroad Systems,Beer,Lumber,Published Works,Ironworks,1810,1860 Census,Albany International Airport,Political Machine,Democratic Party,Governor,Nelson Rockefeller,Urban Sprawl,Erastus Corning 2nd,High-technology Industry,Nanotechnology,Higher Education,Health Care,Urban Decline,Downtown,Mother Churches,Dioceses,Upstate New York,All-america City Award,Algonquian,Indian Tribes,Mohican,Iroquois,Castle Island,French Traders,Henry Hudson,Dutch East India Company,Half Moon,United Netherlands,Hendrick Christiaensen,Fur-trading,French Colony In Canada,House Of Orange-nassau,New Netherland,Scottish Title,King Of Scots,Gaelic,Treaty Of Westminster (1674),Province Of New York,Dutchess,Ulster,Bennington County,Vermont,Pacific Ocean,County Seat,Provincial Governor,Thomas Dongan,British North American,Albany Congress,Benjamin Franklin,Pennsylvania,Albany Plan Of Union,Parliament,United States Constitution,French And Indian War,Series Of Wars,French Defeat,Revolutionary War,Committee Of Correspondence,Tories,Philip Livingston, 1800 to 1942 | 3>
This 1895 map of Albany shows the gridded block system as it expanded around the former turnpikes.
Albany has been a center of transportation for much of its history. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Albany saw development of the turnpike and by 1815, Albany was the turnpike center of the state. The development of Simeon De Witt's gridded block system in 1794, which gave Albany its original bird and mammal street names,[Note 7] was intersected by these important arterials coming out of Albany, cutting through the city at unexpected angles.[39][40] The advent of the turnpike, in conjunction with canal and railroad systems, made Albany the hub of transportation for pioneers going to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory in the early- and mid-19th century.[39][41]
The steamer Albany departs for New York City; at the height of steam travel in 1884, more than 1.5 million passengers took the trip.[42]
In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind.[42] By 1810, with 10,763 people, Albany was the 10th-largest urban place in the nation.[43] The town and village known as "the Colonie"[Note 8] to the north of Albany was annexed in 1815.[44] In 1825 the Erie Canal was completed, forming a continuous water route from the Great Lakes to New York City. Unlike the current Barge Canal, which ends at nearby Waterford, the original Erie Canal ended at Albany; Lock 1 was located north of Colonie Street.[46] The Canal emptied into a 32-acre (13 ha) man-made lagoon called the Albany Basin, which was Albany's main port from 1825 until the Port of Albany-Rensselaer opened in 1932.[47][48] In 1829, while working as a professor at the Albany Academy, Joseph Henry, widely regarded as "the foremost American scientist of the 19th century",[49] built the first electric motor. Three years later, he discovered electromagnetic self-induction (the SI unit for which is now the henry). He went on to be the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.[50] In the 1830 and 1840 censuses, Albany moved up to 9th-largest urban place in the nation,[51][52] then back to 10th in 1850.[53] This was the last time the city was one of the top ten largest urban places in the nation.[54]
Albany also has significant history with rail transport,[55] as the location of two major regional railroad headquarters. The Delaware and Hudson Railway was headquartered in Albany at what is now the SUNY System Administration Building.[56] In 1853, Erastus Corning, a noted industrialist and Albany's mayor from 1834 to 1837, consolidated ten railroads stretching from Albany to Buffalo into the New York Central Railroad (NYCRR), headquartered in Albany until Cornelius Vanderbilt moved it to New York City in 1867.[57][58] One of the ten companies that formed the NYCRR was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which was the first railroad in the state and the first successful steam railroad running regularly scheduled service in the country.[59][60]
The Albany Lumber District was home to the largest lumber market in the nation in 1865.[61]
While the key to Albany's economic prosperity in the 19th century was transportation, industry and business also played a role. Largely thanks to the city's Dutch and German roots, beer was one of its biggest commodities. Beverwyck Brewery, originally known as Quinn and Nolan (Nolan being mayor of Albany 1878–1883),[62] was the last remaining brewer from that time when it closed in 1972. The city's location at the east end of the Erie Canal gave it unparalleled access to both raw products and a captive customer base in the west.[63] Albany was known for its publishing houses, and to some extent, still is. Albany was second only to Boston in the number of books produced for most of the 19th century.[64] Iron foundries in both the north and south ends of the city brought thousands of immigrants to the city. To this day, one can see many intricate wrought-iron details on older buildings. The iron industry waned by the 1890s due to increased costs associated with a newly unionized workforce and the opening of mines in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota.[65]
Albany's other major exports during the 18th and 19th centuries were furs, wheat, meat, and lumber;[66] by 1865, there were almost 4,000 saw mills in the Albany area[66] and the Albany Lumber District was the largest lumber market in the nation.[61] The city was also home to a number of banks. The Bank of Albany (1792–1861) was the second chartered bank in New York.[67] The city was the original home of the Albank (founded in 1820 as the Albany Savings Bank),[68] KeyBank (founded in 1825 as the Commercial Bank of Albany),[69] and Norstar Bank (founded as the State Bank of Albany in 1803).[70] American Express was originally founded in Albany in 1850 as an express mail business.[71] In 1871, the northwestern portion of Albany—west from Magazine Street—was annexed to the neighboring town of Guilderland[72] after the town of Watervliet refused annexation of said territory.[73][74] In return for this loss, portions of Bethlehem and Watervliet were added to Albany. Part of the land annexed to Guilderland was ceded back to Albany in 1910, setting up the current western border.[75]
Albany opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, and the first municipal airport in the United States, in 1908. Originally located on a polo field on Loudon Road, it moved to Westerlo Island in 1909 and remained there until 1928. The Albany Municipal Airport—jointly owned by the city and county—was moved to its current location in Colonie in 1928. In 1960, the mayor sold the city's stake in the airport to the county, citing budget issues. It was known from then on as Albany County Airport until a massive upgrade and modernization project between 1996 and 1998, when it was rechristened Albany International Airport.[76] By 1916 Albany's northern and southern borders reached their modern courses;[75] Westerlo Island, to the south, became the second-to-last annexation, which occurred in 1926.[77]
[edit] | Tags: Corning administration (1942) to present day | 3>
The Albany Institute of History & Art
Erastus Corning 2nd, arguably Albany's most notable mayor (and great-grandson of the former mayor of the same name), was elected in 1941.[78] Although he was the longest serving mayor of any city in United States history (1942 until his death in 1983), one historian describes Corning's tenure as "long on years, short on accomplishments,"[79] citing Corning's preference for maintaining the status quo as a factor that held back potential progress during his tenure.[80] While Corning brought stability to the office of mayor, it is said that even those that idolize him cannot come up with a sizable list of "major concrete Corning achievements."[81] Corning is given credit for saving, albeit somewhat unintentionally, much of Albany's historic architecture.[Note 9]
During the 1950s and 1960s, a time when federal aid for urban renewal was plentiful,[80] Albany did not see much progress in either commerce or infrastructure. It lost more than 20 percent of its population during the Corning years, and most of the downtown businesses moved to the suburbs.[82] While cities across the country experienced similar issues, the problems were magnified in Albany: interference from the Democratic political machine hindered progress considerably.[80] Governor Nelson Rockefeller (1959–1973) (R), who had a preference for grandiose, monumental architecture and large, government-sponsored building projects, was the driving force behind the construction of the Empire State Plaza, SUNY Albany's uptown campus, and much of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus.[83] Albany County Republican Chairman Joseph C. Frangella once quipped, "Governor Rockefeller was the best mayor Albany ever had."[84] Corning, though opposed to the project, was responsible for negotiating the payment plan for the Empire State Plaza. Rockefeller did not want to be limited by the Legislature's power of the purse, so Corning devised a plan to have the county pay for the construction and have the state sign a lease-ownership agreement. The state would pay off the bonds until 2004. It was Rockefeller's only viable option, and he agreed. Due to the clout Corning gained from the situation, he was able to get the State Museum, a convention center, and a restaurant, back in the plans—ideas that Rockefeller had originally vetoed. The county gained $35 million in fees and the city received $13 million for lost tax revenue.[85]
This 1955 map shows the planned expansion of the Interstate Highway System around Albany.
Another major project of the 1960s and 1970s was Interstate 787 and the South Mall Arterial.[Note 10] Construction began in the early 1960s. One of the project's main consequences was separating the city from the Hudson River. Corning is sometimes called shortsighted with respect to use of the waterfront, as he could have used his influence to change the location of I-787, which now cuts the city off from "its whole raison d'être".[86] Much of the original plan never came to fruition, however: Rockefeller had wanted the South Mall Arterial to pass through the Empire State Plaza. The project would have required an underground trumpet interchange below Washington Park, connecting to the (eventually cancelled) Mid-Crosstown Arterial.[87] To this day, evidence of the original plan is still visible.[Note 11] In 1967 the hamlet of Karlsfeld became the last annexation to be added to the city limits, having come from Bethlehem.[75]
When Corning died in 1983, Thomas Whalen assumed the mayorship and was reelected twice. Albany saw a significant influx of federal dollars earmarked for restoring historic structures. What Corning had saved from destruction, Whalen refurbished.[88] The Mayor's Office of Special Events was created in an effort to increase the number of festivals and artistic events in the city, including a year-long Dongan Charter tricentennial celebration in 1986.[89] Whalen is credited for an "unparalleled cycle of commercial investment and development" in Albany due to his "aggressive business development programs".[90]
Prior to the recession of the 1990s, Albany was home to two Fortune 500 companies: KeyBank and Fleet Bank; both have since moved or merged with other banks.[91] Albany saw its political climate change after the death of Corning and the retirement of Congressman Sam Stratton. Long-term office holders became a thing of the past in the 1980s. Local media began following the drama surrounding county politics (specifically that of the newly created county executive position); the loss of Corning (and eventually the machine) led to a lack of interest in city politics.[92] The 1990s brought about the surprise election of Gerald Jennings, who has been mayor since 1994. His tenure has essentially ended the political machine that had been in place since the 1920s.[93] During the 1990s, the State Legislature approved the $234 million "Albany Plan", "a building and renovation project [that] was the most ambitious building project to effect the area since the Rockefeller era." The Albany Plan saw the initiation of renovation and new building projects around the downtown area, and the move of many state workers from the Harriman State Office Campus to downtown.[94] The first decade of the 21st century saw a real possibility for a long-discussed and controversial Albany Convention Center; as of August 2010, the Albany Convention Center Authority had already purchased 75% of the land needed to build the downtown project.[95]
Albany, as viewed from the Capitol looking southeast, circa 1906. City Hall is left of center; the Empire State Plaza is currently located at the extreme right of the image.
[edit] | Tags: Geography | 2>
Albany is located in the Hudson Valley, surrounded by numerous mountain ranges.
The Albany Pine Bush is the only sizable inland pine barrens sand dune ecosystem in the United States.[96]
Albany is located about 150 miles (240 km) north of New York City on the Hudson River.[17] It has a total area of 21.8 square miles (56 km2), of which 21.4 square miles (55 km2) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) (1.8%) is water.[97] The city is bordered on the north by the town of Colonie (along with the village of Menands), on the west by the town of Guilderland, and on the south by the town of Bethlehem.[98] The Hudson River represents the city's eastern border. Patroon Creek, along the northern border, and the Normans Kill, along the southern border, are the two major streams in the city. The former Foxes Creek, Beaver Kill, and Rutten Kill still exist, but were diverted underground in the 19th century.[99][100][101] There are four lakes within city limits: Buckingham Lake; Rensselaer Lake and Tivoli Lake along Patroon Creek; and Washington Park Lake, which was formed by damming the Beaver Kill.[98][100]
The highest natural point in Albany is an unnamed hill in the northwest corner of the city (near the intersection of Old State Road and New Karner Road), at 324 feet (99 m) above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Hudson River (the average water elevation is 2 feet (0.61 m)),[98][102] which is still technically an estuary at Albany and is affected by the Atlantic tide.[103] The interior of Albany consists of rolling hills which were once part of the Albany Pine Bush, an area of pitch pine and scrub oak, and has arid, sandy soil that is a remnant of the ancient Lake Albany. Due to development, the Pine Bush has shrunk from an original 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) to 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) today. A preserve was set up by the State Legislature in 1988 and is located on the western edge of the city, spilling into Guilderland and Colonie;[104] it is the only sizable inland pine barrens sand dune ecosystem in the United States,[96] and is home to many endangered species, including the Karner Blue butterfly.[105]
[edit] | Tags: Climate | 3>
Albany is located in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Dfb),[106] and has cold, snowy winters, and hot, wet summers; the city experiences four distinct seasons. Albany is located in plant hardiness zone 5a near downtown and 5b at its western end.[107] Albany receives 38.6 inches (98 cm) of rain per year, with 137 days of at least 0.01 inches (0.025 cm) of precipitation each year.[108] Snowfall is significant, totaling 62.7 inches (159 cm) annually,[108] but with less accumulation than the lake-effect areas to the north and west, as it is further from Lake Ontario. Albany is close enough to the Atlantic coast to receive heavy snow from Nor'easters and the city occasionally receives Alberta clippers.[109] Winters can be very cold with fluctuating conditions; temperatures often drop below 0 °F (−18 °C) at night. Summers in Albany can contain stretches of excessive heat and humidity, with temperatures above 90 °F (32 °C). Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C) on January 19, 1971, to greater than 100 °F (38 °C) on September 3, 1953.[108]
Albany
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
2.6
31
15
2.2
35
17
3.2
45
26
3.2
58
37
3.6
70
47
3.8
78
56
4.1
82
61
3.5
81
60
3.3
72
51
3.7
60
40
3.3
48
32
2.9
36
21
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: NOAA
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
66
-0
-10
56
2
-8
81
7
-4
80
15
3
92
21
8
96
26
14
105
28
16
88
27
15
84
22
11
93
16
4
84
9
-0
74
2
-6
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Climate data for Albany, New York (Albany Airport), 1981-2010 normals
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
71
(22)
68
(20)
89
(32)
93
(34)
94
(34)
100
(38)
103
(39)
101
(38)
100
(38)
91
(33)
82
(28)
71
(22)
103
(39)
Average high °F (°C)
31.1
(−0.5)
35.0
(1.7)
44.6
(7.0)
58.4
(14.7)
69.6
(20.9)
77.9
(25.5)
82.3
(27.9)
80.5
(26.9)
72.4
(22.4)
60.1
(15.6)
48.4
(9.1)
36.1
(2.3)
58.03
(14.46)
Average low °F (°C)
14.5
(−9.7)
17.2
(−8.2)
25.5
(−3.6)
37.0
(2.8)
46.9
(8.3)
56.3
(13.5)
61.0
(16.1)
59.6
(15.3)
51.3
(10.7)
39.5
(4.2)
31.5
(−0.3)
21.1
(−6.1)
38.45
(3.58)
Record low °F (°C)
−28
(−33)
−22
(−30)
−21
(−29)
9
(−13)
26
(−3)
30
(−1)
40
(4)
34
(1)
24
(−4)
16
(−9)
−11
(−24)
−22
(−30)
−28
(−33)
Precipitation inches (mm)
2.58
(65.5)
2.19
(55.6)
3.20
(81.3)
3.16
(80.3)
3.61
(91.7)
3.79
(96.3)
4.12
(104.6)
3.46
(87.9)
3.30
(83.8)
3.68
(93.5)
3.29
(83.6)
2.93
(74.4)
39.31
(998.5)
Snowfall inches (cm)
18.6
(47.2)
12.8
(32.5)
11.2
(28.4)
2.3
(5.8)
0.1
(0.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.3
(0.8)
2.8
(7.1)
13.7
(34.8)
61.7
(156.7)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
12.8
10.4
12.1
11.9
13.1
12.2
10.8
10.7
9.8
10.4
11.7
11.9
137.8
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
10.4
7.5
5.6
1.2
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.1
2.4
7.4
34.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours
142.6
161.0
201.5
219.0
248.0
261.0
288.3
254.2
210.0
167.4
102.0
108.5
2,363.5
Source no. 1: NOAA [110] HKO (sun, 1961–1990)[111]
Source no. 2: Weather.com (extremes)[112]
[edit] | Tags: Neighborhoods | 3>
Main article: Neighborhoods of Albany, New York
Housing in Ten Broek Triangle, a subset of the Arbor Hill neighborhood
Albany's neighborhoods are varied demographically, geographically, architecturally, and historically. Downtown Albany is the city's oldest neighborhood, centered on State Street, one of Albany's oldest streets and its original main street. Today downtown consists mostly of office buildings inhabited by state agencies, though a recent push to bring in permanent residents has led to proposed apartments and condominiums, many of which have failed to get past the proposal phase.[113][114] North and south of Downtown are old residential communities often consisting of row houses. North is Sheridan Hollow, Arbor Hill, and North Albany; to the south is the super-neighborhood of the South End, which consists of a multitude of smaller neighborhoods including the Mansion District, the Pastures, Kenwood | Tags: City,Rensselaer,Websites related to: Auto 0-60 Times |